Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges

PRELIMS.pdf
	Acknowledgements
	Editor biographies
		Tracey J Temple
		Melissa K Ladyman
	Contributors
	Message from the editors
	Abbreviations
		Outline placeholder
			Introduction to environmental management
			Environmental management for defence
			Environmental management for military training ranges
			A summary of contributions
		References
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Scientific principles of environmental management
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Contextualising military training environments
		1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment
			1.3.1 Nitramine explosives
			1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives
			1.3.3 Propellants
			1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one
		1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives
			1.4.1 Laboratory experiments
			1.4.2 Computational modelling
			1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes
		1.5 Conclusion
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Characterization of soils on military training ranges
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Background
		2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process
			2.3.1 Sample quality criteria
			2.3.2 Material properties
			2.3.3 Theory of sampling
			2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference
		2.4 Error and error reduction
			2.4.1 Magnitude of error
			2.4.2 Controlling for error
			2.4.3 Other sources of error
			2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error
		2.5 Sampling
			2.5.1 Objectives
			2.5.2 Sampling
			2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4)
			2.5.4 Best practices
		2.6 Sampling on snow and ice—a special case
		2.7 Sample processing and analysis
			2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics
			2.7.2 Summary of the sources of error
			2.7.3 Analytical processes
		2.8 Conclusion
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management
		3.1 Introduction
			3.1.1 Well location
			3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures
			3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures
			3.1.4 Well components
			3.1.5 Well development
			3.1.6 Water level measurements
			3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling
			3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control
			3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests)
			3.1.10 Conclusion
		3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas
			3.2.1 Introduction
			3.2.2 Aquifer vulnerability
			3.2.3 Hazard
			3.2.4 Risk
			3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors
			3.2.6 Conclusions
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Analysis of explosives in the environment
		4.1 Sample preparation
		4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives
			4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques
			4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques
		4.3 Conclusion
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology
			5.2.1 Barriers for assessing the toxicological impacts on military ranges with the life-cycle assessment methodology
			5.2.2 USEtox method
		5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges
			5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory
			5.3.2 Impact assessment
		5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations
			6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products
			6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing
			6.2.3 Military smokes
			6.2.4 Sampling and analysis
		6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation
			6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches
			6.3.2 In vitro approaches
			6.3.3 In vivo approaches
		6.4 Recommendations and way forward
			6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products
			6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis
			6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Background
			7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media
			7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials
			7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater
		7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants
			7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies
			7.3.2 Incineration
			7.3.3 Composting
			7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction—DARAMEND process
			7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH)
			7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S)
			7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC)
			7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB)
		7.4 Conclusions and further work
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Studied ranges
		8.3 Methods
		8.4 Results and discussion
			8.4.1 Range activities
			8.4.2 Potential point sources
			8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Methods for contaminated site management
			9.2.1 Historical investigation
			9.2.2 Technical investigation
			9.2.3 Risk assessment
			9.2.4 Remediation concept
		9.3 Pollutant management techniques
			9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops
			9.3.2 Drainage systems
			9.3.3 Avoid protected areas
			9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain
			9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges
		9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland
		9.5 Discussion and conclusion
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 History of Borris shooting range
		10.3 Conducting the survey
			10.3.1 Background
			10.3.2 Purpose
			10.3.3 Scope
		10.4 Compounds
		10.5 Sampling
			10.5.1 Artillery firing position
			10.5.2 Impact area artillery
			10.5.3 Anti-tank range
			10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
			10.5.5 Hand grenade range
			10.5.6 Omme Å stream
		10.6 Results
			10.6.1 Artillery firing position
			10.6.2 Impact area artillery
			10.6.3 Anti-tank range
			10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
			10.6.5 Hand grenade range
			10.6.6 Omme Å stream
		10.7 Assessment
			10.7.1 Artillery firing position
			10.7.2 Impact area artillery
			10.7.3 Anti-tank range
			10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
			10.7.5 Hand grenade range
			10.7.6 Omme Å stream
		10.8 Conclusion
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Development of field demilitarization methods in Canada and the USA for the destruction of the excess artillery gun propellant
			11.2.1 Introduction
			11.2.2 Field demilitarization method for excess gun propellants/Canadian fixed tool
		11.3 Introduction
			11.3.1 Canadian bullet catcher
			11.3.2 Summary
		11.4 The development of reactive membranes for adsorption of heavy metals and energetic materials
			11.4.1 Introduction
			11.4.2 Methodology
			11.4.3 Results
			11.4.4 Summary
		11.5 Investigations on the efficiency of remedial methods for energetic materials: dithionite and lime
			11.5.1 Introduction
			11.5.2 Testing of remediation technologies
			11.5.3 Summary
		11.6 Conclusions
		References
CH012.pdf
	Chapter 12 Environmental assessment at a Brazilian Army site
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Case study
			12.2.1 Methodology
			12.2.2 Results and reports
			12.2.3 Polluting materials from ammunition detonation
			12.2.4 Soil survey
			12.2.5 Vegetation survey
			12.2.6 Propagation of shock waves
		12.3 Conclusions
		References
CH013.pdf
	Chapter 13 Bushfire management (Australia)
		13.1 Background
		13.2 Outline of the Defence Estate
		13.3 Defence bushfire management policy
		13.4 Case study Marrangaroo/State Mine Fire 2013
			13.4.1 Implementations of automatic weather stations
			13.4.2 Memorandum of understanding agreements
			13.4.3 Wildfire competency for range control officers
		13.5 Service delivery model for bushfire management
		13.6 Bushfire Management Yampi Sound Training Area
		13.7 Conclusion
		References
CH014.pdf
	Chapter 14 Greener or insensitive munitions: selecting the best option
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Matrix selection criteria
		14.3 Insensitive munitions
		14.4 Environmental properties
			14.4.1 Human toxicity
			14.4.2 Ecotoxicity
			14.4.3 Bioavailability
			14.4.4 Leaching
			14.4.5 Degradation
			14.4.6 Recycling
		14.5 Costs
		14.6 Technical feasibility
		14.7 Performance
		14.8 Final selection
		14.9 Conclusions
		References